1. A.C.G.T.-the bases of DNA, the order determines the order of amino acids in proteins. (A-T/C-G)
  2. Abiotic- non-living factors in the environment that affect the organisms.

(light, rocks, temperature etc)

  1. Active transport- Using energy from ATP to move substances across a membrane/ to a higher concentration. Used to concentrate needed substances within cells.
  2. Adapted- Organisms being born with traits allowing them to live an reproduce in their environment.  
  3. Adaptive characteristics – a characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce.
  4. Adaptive value – How much a characteristic or trait helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
  5. AIDS – a disease transmitted through body fluids that is caused by HIV (virus) that weakens the immune system by destroying white blood cells.  
  6. Algae –are photosynthetic protists that live in water.
  7. Allergic reactions (allergies)- a overreaction to an antigen that causes the release of histamine by white blood cells.
  8. Altered–changed
  9. Amino acids- They are the building blocks of proteins.
  10. Antibiotic- Any drug that can kill bacteria. (e.g. Penicillin)
  11. Antigen- A small  protein part of a pathogen which causes your white blood cells to make antibodies.
  12. Asexually reproducing – Reproduction without sex cells. In humans it is used for growth and repair. (without gametes)
  13. Assumption(assume) – To take for granted.
  14. Autotrophic- A form of nutrition where organisms make their own food. (plants,algae)
  15. Bacteria- single celled organism without a nucleus—common pathogen (strep throat, meningitis, the plague)
  16. Balance- either means stable or a type of scale for weighing objects.
  17. Balanced internal environment- Homeostasis is maintained within an organism. (healthy)
  18. Behavior- the way an organism acts
  19. Bias- Unfairly taking one side over another
  20. Biodiversity –A variety of different species of plants and animals in an area leading to greater stability against weather changes and disease/
  21. Biological catalysts- A substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed faster or at a lower temperature. / enzymes
  22. Biosphere- the part of the world in which life can exist
  23. Biotechnological methods- Using microorganisms as tools especially in genetic engineering.
  24. Biotic- Living factors in an environment./ plants, animals , decomposers,  etc
  25. Bonds- connections between atoms or groups of atoms. (hydrogen)
  26. Building blocks- subunits, parts
  27. Cancer- An uncontrolled growth of cells by mitosis.
  28. Carbon dioxide- A gas released during respiration,  combustion(burning), and organic decomposition(rotting) that plants use to make food using light energy.
  29. Carnivore- An organism that can only survive by eating meat.
  30. Carrying capacity- The largest population of a species that an ecosystem can maintain.
  31. Cell- The smallest structural unit of an organism that is capable of independent functioning.
  32. Cellular- Involving cells
  33. Characteristic-Feature that helps to distinguish a person or thing; a trait.
  34. Chemical reaction- A process in which one or more substances are changed into different substances.
  35. Chemical signals-Chemicals that cause a change in cells usually either hormones or neurotransmitters.
  36. Chloroplasts- Structures in plant cells that contain chlorophyll—Site of photosynthesis
  37. Chromosomes- strand of DNA and protein that carries the genes inside the nucleus of cells.
  38. Circulation- Movement within an organism
  39. Climatic change- A change in the weather.
  40. Cloning- Making a genetically identical copy of a gene or organism.
  41. Combination of genes- Mixing of DNA.
  42. Components- Parts
  43. Conclusion- An interpretation of results.
  44. Consensus- An opinion or position reached by a group as a whole.
  45. Continuity- Uninterrupted
  46. Conventional- Usual
  47. Consumer- Heterotroph
  48. Continuation- Not stopping.
  49. Coordination- Working together.
  50. Costs- Negative effects.
  51. Cycling of materials- Reusing materials.
  52. Chromatography- A way  to separate mixtures. (proteins)
  53. Compound microscope- A microscope with multiple lenses.
  54. Control group- a group that is used for comparison in an experiment that does not receive the experimental variable.
  55. Controlled experiment- An experiment with a control group.
  56. Data-Information
  57. Data table- A chart that organizes information in a matrix.
  58. Dependent variable- On the Y axis.  It is the unknown results in an experiment

(e.g.: height)

  1. Dichotomous key – A method of classifying organisms based on yes and no questions.
  2. Decomposer- An organism, often a bacterium or fungus, that breaks down dead organisms allowing for the recycling of nutrients.
  3. Deforestation- The loss of forests leading to disruption of habitats and global warming through increased carbon dioxide.
  4. Development- Growth and specialization of an organism.
  5. Deviations-Changes.
  6. Diagnosing- Finding out what is wrong. (disease)
  7. Differentiation- To specialize.  (general cell become nerve cells )
  8. Diffusion- the process which substances move from a higher concentration move to areas of lower concentration in the same way that a drop of ink will spread out in water. It is one of the main ways that substances get into and out of cells.

 

  1. Digestion- The breakdown of substances into simpler substances. (protein into amino acids, starch into sugar, and fat into fatty acids)
  2. Direct harvesting-wiping out a species for a specific product such as the ivory tusks of elephants.
  3. Disease-An illness usually caused by a pathogen. (bacteria, virus, fungus)
  4. Disturbance-A disruption.
  5. DNA- A nucleic acid found in the nucleus that carries the genetic information in the sequence of its nucleotide bases.
  6. Dynamic equilibrium- Balance in the ecosystem caused by negative feedback.
  7. Ethical- A belief based upon the principles of right and wrong.
  8. Experiment- A test under controlled conditions.
  9. Ecological niche- The role an organism has in an ecosystem including everything about that organism’s day to day life,
  10. Ecological succession- The process of ecosystem development in which one type of organism makes the ecosystem better for another type until a final climax community is reached. (lichen to grass to scrub to tree )
  11. Ecology- The study of the relationship between organisms and their environment.
  12. Ecosystem-An ecological community together with its environment, functioning as a unit.
  13. Egg- female gamete (sex cell)
  14. Eliminate waste- Remove waste by excretion.
  15. Embryo-First stage of development after fertilization that forms by mitosis.
  16. Embryonic development- The development of an embryo.
  17. Energy pyramid- The path of energy in a food chain represented as a triangle.
  18. Engulf- To swallow whole (ameba taking in a food particle to form a vacuole)
  19. Enzyme- A biological catalyst make of protein that speeds up chemical reactions.
  20. Equilibrium- Balance
  21. Estrogen- Female hormone produced in the ovaries.
  22. Electrophoresis- A method of separating substances, especially DNA, based on the rate of movement within an electric field through a gel that can be used to compare DNA from different sources.
  23. Evolution(evolutionary)-Change in the genetic composition of a population during successive generations.
  24. Excretion- The removal of waste products.
  25. Expression- The way a gene shows up as an observed trait. (e.g. blue eyes)
  26. Extinction- the death of an entire species usually caused by failure to adapt to a changing environment. (the dinosaurs)
  27. Fat- One of the 4 major nutrients/ used for long term energy storage and insulation.
  28. Feedback mechanism- A regulatory mechanism in which an increase in one substance causes a change in the other. (the way hormones are controlled or the way we control our body temperature, heart rate etc.)
  29. Fertilization- The combination of male and female gametes (sperm and egg)
  30. Finite resources- Limited resources.
  31. Flow of energy- the path of energy through a food web, chain or pyramid
  32. Food chain-The path of energy between a organisms
  33. Food web- The path of energy between many interconnected organisms.

Fossil fuel- Fuel made from old dead plants and animals that are a non-renewable    source of energy (coal, oil, gas)

  1. Functions-  Jobs
  2. Fungi-The kingdom of heterotrophic organisms including fungi, mushrooms and  yeast
  3. Gamete- Sex cell (sperm or egg)
  4. Gene-A piece of DNA
  5. Gene mutation- A change in DNA
  6. Generation-A single group in a line of descendents.  
  7. Generalizations-A principle that is expanded to apply to more than the organisms  studied.
  8. Genetic- Having to do with genes or heredity.
  9. Genetic engineering- The directed changing of genetic material (Putting DNA      from one organism into another to form recombinant DNA)
  10. Genetic information- The information coded inside genes by the sequence of     bases in the DNA
  11. Genetic makeup-all the genes of an organism.
  12. Genetic material-DNA
  13. Genetic variability- variation due to the difference in genes.
  14. Genetically identical- Organisms that have the same genes.
  15. Geological time-The Earth’s early history.
  16. Global awareness- Knowing what’s going on around the world.
  17. Global stability- An unchanging global environment.
  18. Global warming- The slow increase of the Earth’s temperature.
  19. Glucose- A simple sugar usually made by photosynthesis in plants.
  20. Graduated cylinder- A tall narrow container with a scale used especially for measuring liquids.
  21. Green plant- A  plant with chlorophyll
  22. Growth- The production of new cells by mitosis or the enlargement of cells
  23. Guard cells- Cells that open and close plant stomates that control water loss in plants.
  24. Habitat- Where an organism lives.
  25. Herbivores- Organisms that can survive only by eating plants.
  26. Heredity-Passing traits from ancestor to descendant through the genes. (heredity)
  27. Heterotrophs- Organisms with a form of nutrition that includes eating. (consumers)
  28. Homeostasis-Keeping a stable internal environment by negative feedback.
  29. Homeostatic feedback- The feedback that maintains homeostasis. (neg feedback)
  30. Hypotheses-A prediction based on prior research.
  31. Hormone-a chemical signal made in one area of an organism that effects target regions because of specific receptors. (insulin, growth hormone)
  32. Host-The home of a parasite.
  33. Imbalance-Not balanced--unstable
  34. Immune system- The system that uses white blood cells to make antibodies and attack invading pathogens.
  35. Immune- The ability to fight off a specific pathogen(bacteria, virus, fungus etc)
  36. Independent variable- A variable that is independent on the X axis chosen by the experimenter. (time)
  37. Industrialization- The conversion of land to industry.
  38. Infections- The invasion of an organism by a pathogen.
  39. Infectious agent- A pathogen with the ability to infect an organism.
  40. Inherit- To gain a trait form a parent.
  41. Inheritable characteristics- characteristics that are able to be passed generation to generation
  42. Inheritance- Traits that are passed from generation to generation.
  43. Inorganic-Compounds without carbon to hydrogen bonds like carbon dioxide and water.
  44. Insect-An animal with an exoskeleton and six legs
  45. Inserting DNA segment- To place a DNA segment into another strand of DNA
  46. Insulin-A hormone made by the pancreas that lowers blood-glucose levels
  47. Interdependence- The way organisms need each other
  48. Infer- To get a conclusion from facts
  49. Internal development- Development from fertilization  within the parent
  50. Internal environment- the environment inside the organism
  51. Internal fertilization- fertilization occurring inside the female’s body
  52. Kingdoms- largest classification group
  53. Learned behavior- behavior that isn’t inherited
  54. Level of organization- (cells to tissues to organs to organisms)
  55. Life functions- The processes needed for life.
  56. Light intensity- the brightness of light
  57. Long-term stability- Balance that lasts a long time
  58. Mammal- a milk producing organism
  59. Matrix-a rectangular array of mathematical elements on a graph
  60. Methodologies- Procedure
  61. Manipulation of genes- The altering of genes.
  62. Mate- A reproductive partner.
  63. Mass- the weight of an object.
  64. Mechanism of evolution- The way a species changes over generations.
  65. Meiosis- A type of cell division occurring only in gametes forming sex cells.
  66. Membrane-a thin layer that is made of protein and lipid that controls what goes in and out of cells and has receptors.
  67. Metabolic-Related to the chemical reactions in the body.
  68. Microbes-Microorganisms including bacteria.
  69. Mitochondria- An organelle that produces ATP from food by cell respiration.
  70. Mitosis- Cell division in any cell except gametes that results in 2 identical cells.
  71. Molecular basis of heredity-The chemistry of genetics.
  72. Monitor- to watch
  73. Multicellular-Having more then one cell.
  74. Mutation- a change in the DNA or genes caused by mutagens and radiation.
  75. Natural disaster- A disaster not caused by man. (flood dire earthquake)
  76. Natural selection-Nature will select the best adapted organisms.
  77. Nerve cell- A neuron
  78. Nitrogen-An element found in amino acids, nucleic acids, DNA,protein
  79. Normal state- The most common way something exists
  80. Nuclear fuel- fuel based on nuclear reactions.
  81. Nucleus-An organelle that contains the genetic material of a cell.
  82. Nutrient- Sources of materials and energy for organisms (protein, carbohydrate, lipids, nucleic acids)
  83. Observations- Noting a fact or occurrence
  84. Organ- A group of tissues working together
  85. Organ malfunction- an organ not working properly
  86. Organ system-a system made up of organs working together(respiratory system, digestive system etc)
  87. Organelles- small parts of a cell that perform a certain job (nucleus ribosome)
  88. Organization levels- the levels of organization ( see above )
  89. Ovary-Female gonad that produces eggs by meiosis.
  90. Overproduction of offspring-More offspring are produced for an area than can survive.
  91. Oxygen- a element released by photosynthesis and used in respiration.
  92. Ozone shield- a protective layer in the atmosphere blocking UV light.
  93. Pancreas- an organ the produces hormones(insulin) and digestive enzymes for the small intestine
  94. Parasite- an organism living off another organism in which the 2nd is harmed and the 1st benefits
  95. Pathogen- a disease causing entity (bacteria, virus, fungus, insect)
  96. Pattern of evolution- the direction of change over generations
  97. Pesticide- A chemical that kills insects
  98. pH-measure of acidity of a substance 9less than 7 is an acid)
  99. Photosynthesis- the process in which plants use solar energy to make food from carbon dioxide producing oxygen as a waste product.
  100. Photosynthetic organism-an autotroph --producer
  101. Physical conditions- The environment  surrounding an organism
  102. Physical traits- Characteristics of an organism that can be observed.
  103. Placenta-the organ in the uterus that allows for the exchange of food and waste with a fetus
  104. Pollution-material added to the environment that makes it less desirable for humans or their needs
  105. Populations-the total of individuals of a species occupying an area or making up a whole
  106. Predator- An organism that hunts prey.
  107. Prey- What a predator eats
  108. Process – an activity that is performed in the body (photosynthesis,respiration, etc)
  109. Producer- an organism that makes its own food—an autotroph
  110. Progesterone- a hormone in females produced in the ovaries to keep the uterine lining thick
  111. Protein-a substance consisting of many amino acids
  112. Protein building- the making or proteins at ribosomes from amino acids
  113. Peer review-a review by ones equals – as in scientists in a field
  114. Phenomena- Observable events
  115. Prediction- a guess of the future or outcome
  116. Proposal- a suggestion
  117. Radiation-the process of emitting radiant energy and causing mutations
  118. Receptor-part of a cell or organism made of protein that recognized a physical or chemical stimulus
  119. Recombination- Putting items together differently
  120. Recombination of genes- the recombining of genes that usually occurs in sexual reproduction and meiosis
  121. Recycle- to reuse
  122. Regulatory-controlling (nervous and endocrine systems)
  123. Renewable(Resources)- the bring resources back (wood)
  124. Replicate-to copy
  125. Reproduction- the process of making more of the same species
  126. Reproductive cell- a gamete (sperm or egg)
  127. Reproductive cycle- A cycle involved in reproduction
  128. Reproductive success- The likelihood that on organism reproduces.
  129. Reproductive technology- The technology involved in reproduction.
  130. Resources-Sources of materials or support.

232.                   Reasoning-The process of forming conclusions, judgments, or inferences from facts  

  1. Respiration- The process in which energy is released from ATP
  2. Respiratory rate-The speed of respiration
  3. Respond- To react
  4. Response to stimuli- A reaction to a stimuli
  5. Ribosome- An organelle that is the site of protein synthesis from amino acid
  6. Risks- Chances
  7. Role- A job (niche)
  8. Scavenge- To find (scavenger eats dead organisms that they find)
  9. Segment of DNA- A piece of a DNA strand
  10. Selection- The process of picking.
  11. Selective breeding- Breeding organisms with specific qualities
  12. Sex cell-a gamete (sperm and egg )
  13. Sexually reproducing-Reproduction involving sexual intercourse
  14. Shape of protein- the 3D structure of a protein.
  15. Simple sugars-monosaccharides like glucose or fructose
  16. Solar energy- The energy from the sun
  17. Specialized- having a specific function (nerve cells, muscle cells)
  18. Species- A type of organism that can reproducing with others of the same kind
  19. Sperm-male gamete
  20. Specimen-an individual, item, or part considered typical of a group, class, or whole
  21. Specimens- samples
  22. Stability-balance (As in dynamic equilibrium or homeostasis)
  23. Starch- Polysaccharide, long chain of sugars
  24. Steady state- A balanced state
  25. Stimulus- Something that causes a response.
  26. Structures- The physical makeup of something. / parts
  27. Struggle for survival- Competition
  28. Substituting DNA fragment- Replacing a DNA piece into another strand of DNA
  29. Synthesis- The combination of two or more things into a whole(amino acids into a dipeptide or simple sugars into starch)
  30. Systems-groups of organs working together (circulatory system)
  31. Sample size- How large a sample is.
  32. Science-an organized study based upon careful observation and experimentation
  33. Scientific inquiry- a scientific investigation (usually with experiments)
  34. Societal- involving society (societal action could be making new laws)
  35. Statistical analysis- using math to understand the results
  36. Stereomicroscope-A microscope to make an object appear in three dimensions
  37. Technologies- the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area
  38. Technological development- development of technology
  39. Technological fix- fixing an environmental problem using technology
  40. Technology- the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area
  41. Temperature range-the range in which temperature can go
  42. Template- a molecule (as of DNA) that serves as a pattern for the generation of another macromolecule (as messenger RNA)
  43. Testes- male gonads
  44. Testosterone-male hormone made in the male gonads
  45. Tissues-groups of cells
  46. Toxic-poisonous
  47. Toxin-a poison
  48. Trade off- a compromise
  49. Trait- a distinguishing quality
  50. Transform-to change
  51. Transplanted-something taken from one living thing and put into another.
  52. Transport- To move
  53. Theory- A model of how something works
  54. Thermometer- A device that measures temperature
  55. Triple beam balance- a balance with three beams
  56. Unifying theme- a theme that brings two or more things together
  57. Uterus-womb
  58. Vacuole-a small cavity or space in the tissues of an organism containing air or fluid
  59. Vaccinations- a weak or dead form of a pathogen that teaches the body’s white blood cells how to make antibodies
  60. Values-standards
  61. Viral disease- a disease caused by a virus
  62. Virus- an infective agent that has only a protein coat and genetic material
  63. Volume-the amount of space something takes up
  64. Water cycle- the cycle water goes through
  65. Wet mount slide- a slide for a microscope that is made with a drop of water
  66. White blood cells- cells that make antibodies to fight infections
  67. Zygote- fertilized egg