NAME_________________________________________PER______________

Life Processes

_________________-- breakdown of food to simpler molecules which can enter
the cells

_________________ -- the movement of materials within an organism or its cells

_________________ -- (locomotion) change in position by a living thing

_________________ -- removal of waste products by an organism (wastes may
include carbon dioxide, water, and urea in urine and sweat)

_________________ -- process which converts the energy in food to _________ (the
form of energy which can be used by the cells)

_________________ -- the making of more organisms of one's own kind -- not needed
by an individual living thing but is needed by its ____________

_________________ -- the ability of an organism to resist disease causing organisms
and foreign invaders

Coordination --the control of the various activities of an organism
(mostly involves the _____________ system and
_____________ glands in complex animals)

_________________ -- the production of more complex substances by combining two
or more simpler substances

1.2c The components of the human body, from organ systems to cell organelles, interact to maintain a balanced internal environment. To successfully accomplish this, organisms possess a diversity of control mechanisms that detect deviations and make corrective actions.

___________________ -- is the maintenance of stable internal state in an organism

1.2d If there is a disruption in any human system, there will be a corresponding imbalance in homeostasis.

Explain how we maintain temperature homeostasis in our bodies.

________________________________________________________________________

1.2e The organs and systems of the body help to provide all the cells with their basic needs. The cells of the body are of different kinds and are grouped in ways that enhance how they function together.

___________________ -- are groups of cells which perform similar functions

___________________ -- are groups of tissues which perform similar functions

___________________ -- are groups of organs which work together to perform
similar functions .

Name three cell structures and human body structures which perform the same job and state that job.

1.

2.

3.

1.2g Each cell is covered by a membrane that performs a number of important functions for the cell. These include: separation from its outside environment, controlling which molecules enter and leave the cell, and recognition of chemical signals. The processes of diffusion and active transport are important in the movement of materials in and out of cells.

______________________ -- cell structure composed of 2 ________________ layers
and __________________ which allows materials to
selectively enter and leave the cell based on their
_________________

List three functions of the cell or plasma membrane.

a.

b.

c.

______________________ -- is the movement of materials from high to
low concentration

___________________ -- is the movement of materials from low to high concentration requiring ______________

Explain with a labeled picture why a cell placed in distilled water may burst.

Explain with a labeled picture why a cell placed in concentrated salt solution may shrivel.

1.2h Cell membranes may contain receptor molecules which play an important role in the interactions between cells.

____________________ -- molecules on the surface of cells which can attach
to other molecules (like hormones)

 1.2i Many organic and inorganic substances dissolved in cells allow necessary chemical reactions to take place in order to maintain life. Large organic food molecules such as proteins and starches must initially be broken down (digested to amino acids and simple sugars respectively), in order to enter cells.

 Why must digestion (chemical hydrolysis) break down large molecules?

_________________________________________________________________________

________________________ -- are the digestive end products of complete protein chemical digestion

_______________________ -- are the digestive end products of complete carbohydrate chemical digestion

Glucose is an example of a ________________ sugar or a _______________________.

___________________________ or ______________________ are complex carbohydrates

1.2j Inside the cell a variety of specialized structures, formed from many different molecules, carry out the transport of materials, energy capture and release, protein building, waste disposal, and information storage.

Some Cell Organelles

_______ -- control center of the cell contains DNA which directs the synthesis of
_________________ by the cell

_______________ -- carries on the process of cell __________________ converting glucose to ATP energy the cell can use

___________________ -- transport channels within the cell

____________________ -- found on the endoplasmic reticulum and free within the
cell responsible for the synthesis of proteins for the cell

_____________________ -- selectively regulates the materials moving to and from
the cell

___________________ -- stores and digests food (sometimes merges with the
____________________)

____________________ -- pumps out wastes and excess water from the cell

__________________ -- found in plant cells and algae carries on the process
of photosynthesis

__________________ -- surrounds and supports plant cells

** _______________________ and _________________________ are found in plants but not in animals

1.2k Once nutrients enter a cell, the cell will use those raw materials for energy or as building blocks in the synthesis of compounds necessary for life. Energy must be changed into a form cells can use. A type of protein called an enzyme allows for these chemical changes to occur at variable rates. The rate at which enzymes work can be influenced by environmental factors such as pH and temperature.

What is the form of energy cells use? ________________

Enzymes

The place where the enzyme fits with the substrate is called its
___________________.

____________________ -- substance which speeds up a chemical
reaction without becoming part of the reaction
itself

___________________ -- an organic catalyst made of mostly
____________________

What are two ways you can tell an enzyme in a pictured reaction?

a.

b.

Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity

1. _______: the optimum (best) in most living things is close to 7 (neutral).

2. _________________: the best is 37 C in most living things ... heating up the
enzyme causes it to _____________________ or change its shape so it
no longer fits with its _____________________

3. Concentrations of Enzyme and Substrate

When there is a fixed amount of enzyme and an excess of substrate molecules the rate of reaction will ______________ to a point and then level off.

This leveling off occurs because all of the enzyme is _________ up and the excess substrate has nothing to combine with.

If more enzyme is available than substrate, a similar reaction rate ____________ and leveling off will occur. The excess enzyme will eventually run out of ____________ molecules to react with.